Five-Zone Simulating Moving Bed (SMB) system, designed for ternary Separation, is a modified form of standard four-Zone SMB which is only effective in binary Separation. It was reported in literature that the five-Zone SMB separates the extract-II stream with a lower purity value than that of raffinate and extract-I streams. To address this issue, five Zone SMB was designed, using safety margin method for the Separation of a ternary amino acid mixture comprises of methionine, phenylalanine and tryptophan having linear isotherms values. The operating conditions at fixed Zone-I flow rate were calculated by using triangle theory and the developed mathematical model was run for the simulation studies with Aspen Chromatography vis 12.1. (2004) simulator. The simulation results of the 2-extract five-Zone SMB system were illustrated for the effect of change in Zone safety factor (b2, b3 and b4) values on the Separation performance (product purity and recovery) and on solutes band propagation behavior at cyclic steady state.

A method for capillary electrophoretic enantiomeric Separation of a racemic clenbuterol has been established with hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector. General equations and data analysis are presented to relate mobility to the equilibrium constants in simple binding equilibria and used to determine binding constants and thermodynamic parameters for host-guest complexation of clenbuterol enantiomers with hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin as a selector. The effects of b-cyclodextrin type and concentration, buffer type, concentration and pH, as well as Separation voltage and capillary temperature were investigated in detail. A maximal resolution of 6.78 was obtained. The binding constants of the host-guest complex of clenbuterol enantiomers with hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin, KR-CD and KS-CD are 22.50 and 43.09 l mol-1, respectively.

Using lateral intake is a method of floodwater diverting. In arid and semi-arid areas, floodwater contain large amount of sediment that will be carried into the intakes and decreases channel conveyance. Sediment conveys into the intake and settles in the Separation Zone beside the upstream side of lateral channel. Sedimentation in Separation Zone reduces the conveyance of lateral channel, thus it is important to determine the length and width of Separation Zone. Several factors affect on Separation Zone such as the ratio of lateral intake discharge to main channel discharge and angle of lateral channel to the main channel flow direction. Experiments have been conducted for four degrees of diversion channel. Slope and width of main channel, width Of lateral channel and bed material of main channel are constant in all experiments. In each lateral channel intakes, ten experimental tests have been conducted. The magnitude and direction of velocity in the lateral channel have been measured. By using of bed topography the pattern of sedimentation has been determined. If was found that the Separation Zone in the lateral channel related to the ratio of lateral flow to main channel flow and angle of intakes. With increasing the ratio of lateral flow, the length and width of Separation Zone decrease and with decreasing angle of lateral intake, the length of Separation Zone increase and the width of Separation Zone decrease. For the length and width of Separation Zone some equation have been derived.

Flow Separation in the upstream of the intake channel is a problem which produces an eddy flow at the intake entrance. It reduces the intake efficiency and the effective width of flow in intake and increases the sediment deposition in the intake entrance. Therefore, it is essential to identify the dimensions of the flow Separation Zone. Installation of submerged vanes in intake entrance is a method which has been applied to reduce the size of flow Separation Zone. In this research, the effects of submerged vanes on the dimensions of flow Separation Zone were investigated using five models of submerged vanes with different arrangement in four discharges of 15, 20, 25 and 30 Ls-1 in the main channel entrance. The Piney arrangement of submerged vanes was selected as the best model that reduced the size of flow Separation Zone and established a proper flow profile in the main channel and intake entrance. Comparing with the pilot model tests, this model reduced the length and width of flow Separation Zone 36.34%, 32.53%, 34.37%, 30.72% and 27.46%, 31%, 31.33%, 30% at four different discharges of 15, 20, 25 and 30 Ls-1, respectively. Results showed that the ratio of width to length of Separation Zone (shape index of Zone) was between two values 0.2 and 0.28 in the all models.

Study of Separation Zone is so important in right-angled three-branch or four-branch open channel junctions. Some effective parameters in this case are inlet discharge ratio and flow depth which in this research the effect of inlet discharge ratio and weir height ratios (flow depth) on flow pattern and dimensions of Separation Zone has been simulated numerically. Investigation of numerical results showed that k-ω model well validated with experimental results and had good agreement, so that simulation error was less than 20%. Dimensions of Separation Zone in main and side channels were directly proportional with the inlet discharge ratio. Also as increases of height ratio of outlet weirs, flow depth increases and Separation Zone dimensions decreased. According to the analysis of numerical results, dimensions of Separation Zone in vertical direction, of the channel bed to water surface increased, so that for discharge ratio 0.6 and height ratio of outlet weirs 0.377, length of Separation Zone at the channel bed, 0.1 m up the bed and water surface was about 60 cm, 75 cm and 85 cm, respectively. So of the water surface towards the channel bed, length of Separation Zone decreased about %29.

In recent years, many hydraulic, sediment, and environmental researchers focused their studies on river junction hydrodynamics. River junction is an important morphological element of river systems. The incoming flow from a minor branch causes extensive variation of flow velocity, flow discharge, and sediment discharge which results in flow turbulence in the main channel. The main characteristic of river confluence is the dimensions of flow Separation Zone. This Zone is developed from the downstream edge where the minor branch enters and extends to some distance downstream into the main channel. There are few parameters affecting the Separation Zone extension including the discharge ratio (Qr) the width ratio (Br) and the downstream Froude number (Frd). The effect of these parameters has been investigated on the Separation Zone length (L) and width (H). Experimental tests have been conducted in a 90 degree junction. The results show that as Qr increase L and H increases and as Frd increases the value of L and H decreases. In this study relations were developed which can be used for prediction of Separation Zone dimensions. The mean value of Separation Zone shape index also has been determined.

Understanding flow behavior over bedforms is one of the most complex topics in sedimentary engineering. Despite numerous studies that have been conducted on river beds, the understanding of the interaction between flow and bed in turbid and clear waters is still impoverished. The present study mainly focused on simulating clear and turbid flows using SSIIM software. This study modeled the flow through a 12-meter channel with nine consecutive dunes of 1-meter length and 4 cm height. Nine simulations were performed to investigate the effects of flow velocity and flow Separation Zone in clear and turbid water. Finally, the results were compared with the experimental results of previous researchers using the PIV. The modeling results showed that the length of the flow Separation Zone increases with increasing velocity, and the highest probability of flow Separation occurs at the highest velocity. In turbid flow, flow Separation is less than the same flow condition in clear flow, and as fluid density increases, the length of the flow Separation Zone decreases. This study demonstrates the acceptable functionality of the SSIIM software and its accuracy in estimating flow behavior with and without sediment.

The confluence of two streams creates a complex flow which accelerates downstream. In a junction area, the Separation Zone is developed in the main channel. By decreasing the longitudinal velocity in the Separation Zone the sedimentation and blocking of section are increased. In this research, the Separation Zone dimensions for the junction 30o, 45o, 60o and 90o, and discharge ratios are simulated by using the FLUENT software. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) scheme and the RSM turbulence model were used for numerical simulation. The results showed that reducing the junction angle leads to decreasing Separation Zone dimensions at the junction in the main channel. Results also showed that the model simulated the experimental velocity values by an average of 4 percent accuracy. The maximum width of Separation Zone is about 50% of the main channel width occurred at an angle of 90o of junction channel, and the minimum dimensions of the flow Separation Zone near zero and occurred at the junction angle of 30o. Furthermore, increasing junction angle widens the Separation Zone dimensions. Maximum and minimum Separation Zone dimensions occurred at 90 and 30 degree of junction, respectively. Further changes in the discharge ratio have a great effect on Separation Zone dimensions and disappear when the discharge ratio is decreased. Decreasing junction angle and increasing the discharge ratio simultaneously, can reduce the Separation Zone dimensions and therefore, the problems developed the junction.

In order to study bioZones of the Pabdeh Formation in the Northeast Kazerun, Murdak section was selected. In this section, Pabdeh Formation is mainly consists of marl, shale and marly limestone. The study of calcareous nannofossils led to the recognition of 70 species and 28 genera. According to the first and last occurrence of index species and assemblages fossil, the following bioZones based on global standard zonations are identified: Discoaster multiradiatus Zone (NP9/ CNP11), Tribrachiatus contortus Zone (NP10/ CNE1-CNE2), Discoaster binodosus Zone (NP11/ CNE3), Tribrachiatus orthostylus Zone (NP12/ CNE4), Discoaster lodoensis Zone (NP13/ CNE5), Discoaster sunlodoensis Zone (NP14/ CNE6-CNE8), Nannotetrina fulgens Zone (NP15/ CNE9-CNE11), Discoaster tanii nodifer Zone (NP16/ CNE12-CNE15), Discoaster saipanensis Zone (NP17/ CNE15-CNE16), Chiasmolithus oamaruensis Zone (NP18/ CNE17-CNE18), Isthmolithus recurvus Zone (NP19/ CNE18-CNE19), Sphenolithus pseudoradians Zone (NP20/ CNE20), Ericsonia Subdisticha Zone (NP21/ CNE21-CNO1), Helicosphaera reticulate Zone (NP22/ CNO2), Sphenolithus predistintus Zone (NP23/ CNO3-CNO4). As a result of this study and based on the obtained bioZones, the age of Pabdeh Formation in Murdak section, is Late Paleocene (Thanetian) to Oligocene (Rupelian-Chatian).

Background and Objective: Degeneration of neurons in the central nervous system occurs during aging. Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) can be preventing the degeneration of neurons. In addition to neuronal replacement, with the production of neurotrophic factors, increased survival and proliferation of endogenous cells. This study was done to compare the cell proliferation, neurotrophic factors expression and features of NSCs harvested from different areas of the central nervous system in vitro.Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study NSCs have been harvested from subgranular Zone (SGZ), subventricular Zone (SVZ) and central canal of spinal cord from adult Wistar rats with mechanical, enzymatical digestion and subsequently was cultured in α-MEM medium supplemented with serum as monolayer or adherent conditions and passaged for 13 times. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine expression of the nestin and GFAP markers. Semi-quantitative RT–PCR was used to confirm genes expression (NGF, CNTF, NT3, NT4.5, GDNF and BDNF).Results: Morphological features of stem cells extracted from different regions of the central nervous system were similar in the culture. Doubling time NSCs in the SVZ (37.45 hr) is shorter than in the SGZ (44.04 hr) and central canal of spinal cord (57.22 hr). The culture conditions as well as monolayer neural stem cells are capable of producing neurospheres. Also, nestin and GFAP markers, expressed by NSCs. Neurotrophic gene expression pattern profiles were similar to each other in stem cells extracted from the SGZ, SVZ and central canal of spinal cord.Conclusion: Neurotrophic gene expression in stem cells extracted from different regions of the central nervous system were similar, but proliferation capacity was higher in NSCs, which have been harvested from the SVZ.